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@ -242,30 +242,98 @@ references:
publisher-place: Birmingham
title: Feedforward
URL: "https://zenodo.org/record/6353969"
- abstract: The Euclidean algorithm (which comes down to us from
Euclid's Elements) computes the greatest common divisor of two given
integers. It is shown here that the structure of the Euclidean
algorithm may be used to automatically generate, very efficiently, a
large family of rhythms used as timelines (rhythmic ostinatos), in
traditional world music. These rhythms, here dubbed Euclidean
rhythms, have the property that their onset patterns are distributed
as evenly as possible in a mathematically precise sense, and optimal
manner. Euclidean rhythms are closely related to the family of Aksak
rhythms studied by ethnomusicologists, and occur in a wide variety
of other disciplines as well. For example they characterize
algorithms for drawing digital straight lines in computer graphics,
as well as algorithms for calculating leap years in calendar design.
Euclidean rhythms also find application in nuclear physics
accelerators and in computer science, and are closely related to
several families of words and sequences of interest in the study of
the combinatorics of words, such as mechanical words, Sturmian
words, two-distance sequences, and Euclidean strings, to which the
Euclidean rhythms are compared. 1.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
author:
- family: Toussaint
given: Godfried
container-title: "In Proceedings of BRIDGES: Mathematical Connections
in Art, Music and Science"
id: "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi_x61_10.1.1.72.1340"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2005
page: 47-56
title: The Euclidean algorithm generates traditional musical rhythms
type: paper-conference
URL: "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.72.1340"
- accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
container-title: webaudioconf.com
id: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2021_8/"
title: "WAC Glicol: A Graph-oriented Live Coding Language Developed
with Rust, WebAssembly and AudioWorklet"
title-short: WAC Glicol
URL: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2021_8/"
- accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
container-title: webaudioconf.com
id: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2019_38/"
title: "WAC FAUST online IDE: Dynamically compile and publish FAUST
code as WebAudio Plugins"
title-short: WAC FAUST online IDE
URL: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2019_38/"
- abstract: Strudel REPL
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
container-title: strudel.tidalcycles.org
id: "https://strudel.tidalcycles.org"
title: Strudel REPL
URL: "https://strudel.tidalcycles.org/"
title: "Strudel: Algorithmic Patterns for the Web"
url2cite: all-links
---
# Introduction
This paper introduces StrudelCycles (generally known as just 'Strudel',
including in the following), an alternative implementation of the
TidalCycles live coding system, using the JavaScript programming
language. It is an attempt to make live coding more accessible through
creating a system that runs entirely in the browser, while opening
Tidal's approach to algorithmic patterns
[@https://zenodo.org/record/4299661] up to modern audio/visual web
technologies. The Strudel REPL is a live code editor dedicated to
This paper introduces Strudel (or sometimes 'StrudelCycles'), an
alternative implementation of the Tidal (or 'TidalCycles') live coding
system, using the JavaScript programming language. Strudel is an attempt
to make live coding more accessible, by creating a system that runs
entirely in the browser, while opening Tidal's approach to algorithmic
patterns [@https://zenodo.org/record/4299661] up to modern audio/visual
web technologies. The Strudel REPL is a live code editor dedicated to
manipulating strudel patterns while they play, with builtin visual
feedback. While Strudel is written in JavaScript, the API is optimized
for simplicity and readability by applying code transformations on the
syntax tree level, allowing language operations that would otherwise be
impossible. The application supports multiple ways to output sound,
including Tone.js, Web Audio nodes, OSC messages and WebMIDI. The
project is split into multiple packages, allowing granular reuse in
other applications. Apart from TidalCycles, it draws inspiration from
prior projects like TidalVortex [@https://zenodo.org/record/6456380],
Gibber
including Tone.js, Web Audio nodes, OSC (Open Sound Control) messages,
Web Serial and Web MIDI. The project is split into multiple packages,
allowing granular reuse in other applications. Apart from TidalCycles,
Strudel draws inspiration from prior projects like TidalVortex
[@https://zenodo.org/record/6456380], Gibber
[@{https://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/icmc/bbp2372.2012.011/2/–gibber-live-coding-audio-in-the-browser?page_x61_root;size_x61_150;view_x61_text}],
Estuary
[@https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Estuary_x37_3A-Browser-based-Collaborative-Projectional-Ogborn-Beverley/c6b5d34575d6230dfd8751ca4af8e5f6e44d916b]
@ -273,29 +341,29 @@ and Feedforward [@https://zenodo.org/record/6353969].
# Porting from Haskell
The original TidalCycles (generally known as just 'Tidal') is
implemented as a domain specific language (DSL), embedded in the Haskell
pure functional programming language, taking advantage of Haskell's
terse syntax and advanced, 'strong' type system. Javascript on the other
hand, is a multi-paradigm programming language, with a dynamic type
system. Because Tidal leans heavily on many of Haskell's more unique
features, it was not clear whether it could meaningfully be ported to a
multi-paradigm scripting language. However, this already proved to be
the case with an earlier port to Python \[TidalVortex;
@https://zenodo.org/record/6456380\], and we successfully implemented
Tidal's pure functional representation of patterns in Strudel, including
partial application, and functor, applicative and monad structures. Over
the past few months since the project started in January 2022, a large
part of Tidal's functionality has already been ported, including it's
mini-notation for polymetric sequences, and a large part of its library
of pattern manipulations. The result is a terse and highly composable
system, where just about everything is a pattern, that may be
transformed and combined with other patterns in a myriad of ways.
The original Tidal is implemented as a domain specific language (DSL),
embedded in the Haskell pure functional programming language, taking
advantage of Haskell's terse syntax and advanced, 'strong' type system.
Javascript on the other hand, is a multi-paradigm programming language,
with a dynamic type system. Because Tidal leans heavily on many of
Haskell's more unique features, it was not always clear that it could
meaningfully be ported to a multi-paradigm scripting language. However,
this already proved to be the case with an earlier port to Python
\[TidalVortex; @https://zenodo.org/record/6456380\], and we have now
successfully implemented Tidal's pure functional representation of
patterns in Strudel, including partial application, and functor,
applicative and monad structures. Over the past few months since the
project started in January 2022, a large part of Tidal's functionality
has already been ported, including it's mini-notation for polymetric
sequences, and a large part of its library of pattern manipulations. The
result is a terse and highly composable system, where just about
everything is a pattern, that may be transformed and combined with other
patterns in a myriad of ways.
# Representing Patterns
The essence of Tidal are Patterns. Patterns are abstract entities that
represent flows of time as functions, by adapting a technique called
Patterns are the essence of Tidal. Its patterns are abstract entities
that represent flows of time as functions, adapting a technique called
pure functional reactive programming. Taking a time span as its input, a
Pattern can output a set of events that happen within that time span. It
depends on the structure of the Pattern how the events are located in
@ -307,7 +375,7 @@ const events = pattern.query(0, 1);
console.log(events.map(e => e.show()))`} />
In this example, we create a pattern using the `sequence` function and
**query** it for the timespan from `0` to `1`. Those numbers represent
**query** it for the time span from `0` to `1`. Those numbers represent
units of time called **cycles**. The length of one cycle depends on the
tempo, which defaults to one cycle per second. The resulting events are:
@ -367,42 +435,65 @@ This line could also be expressed without mini notation:
<MiniRepl tune={`slowcat(d3, f3, [a3, c3].euclid(3, 4, 1), g3.fast(2))`} />
- slowcat: play elements sequentially, where each lasts one cycle
Here is a short description of all the functions used:
- slowcat: play elements sequentially, where each lasts one cycle
- brackets: elements inside brackets are divided equally over the time
of their parent
- euclid(p, s, o): place p pulses evenly over s steps, with offset o,
see
https://taogaede.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Research-Paper-on-Euclidean-Rhythms-Aug.-2018-Edit.pdf
(cite)
- euclid(p, s, o): place p pulses evenly over s steps, with offset o
[@https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi_x61_10.1.1.72.1340]
- fast(n): speed up by n. `g3.fast(2)` will play g3 two times.
- off(n, f): copy each event, offset it by n cycles and apply function
f
- legato(n): multiply duration of event with n
- echo(t, n, v): copy each event t times, with n cycles in between
each copy, decreasing velocity by v
- tone(instrument): play back each event with the given Tone.js
instrument
- pianoroll(): visualize events as midi notes in a pianoroll
- Description of structure of demo
# Future Outlook
- Links to examples/existing tutorial etc
The project is still young, with many features on the horizon. As
general guiding principles, Strudel aims to be
1. accessible
2. as compatible as possible with Tidal
3. modular and extensible
The main accessibility advantage over Tidal is the zero install browser
environment. While OSC output to SuperCollider is possible with Strudel,
it requires the user to install SuperCollider with a custom setup
script, which is not trivial. Without OSC output, Strudel is able to
output sound inside the browser via Tone.js, which is a major limiting
factor, both in terms of available features and runtime performance. For
the future, it is planned to integrate alternative sound engines, with
possible candidates being like glicol
[@{https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2021_8/}] or faust
[@{https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2019_38/}]. To improve compatibility
with Tidal, more Tidal functions are planned to be ported, as well as
full compatibility with Tidal's SuperDirt synth. Besides sound output,
other ways to render events will be explored, such as graphical, serial
or kinetic output.
# Links
The Strudel REPL is available at [https://strudel.tidalcycles.org
[@https://strudel.tidalcycles.org]](https://strudel.tidalcycles.org){.uri
cite-meta="{\"URL\":\"https://strudel.tidalcycles.org/\",\"abstract\":\"Strudel REPL\",\"accessed\":{\"date-parts\":[[2022,4,24]]},\"container-title\":\"strudel.tidalcycles.org\",\"id\":\"https://strudel.tidalcycles.org\",\"title\":\"Strudel REPL\",\"type\":\"\"}"},
including an interactive tutorial. The repository is at
\<github.com/tidalcycles/strudel\>, all the code is open source under
the GPL-3.0 License.
# Technical requirements
Space for one laptop + small audio interface (\~20 cm x 20cm), with
mains power. Stereo sound system, either placed behind presenter (for
direct monitoring) or with additional stereo monitors. Audio from audio
interface: stereo pair 6,3mm jack outputs (balanced?) good question :)
\* Projector / screen (HDMI.)
- Space for one laptop + small audio interface (20 cm x 20cm), with
mains power.
- Stereo sound system, either placed behind presenter (for direct
monitoring) or with additional stereo monitors.
- Audio from audio interface: stereo pair 6,3mm jack outputs
(balanced)
- Projector / screen (HDMI.)
# Acknowledgments