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---
date: 2022-04-15
references:
- abstract: In this artist statement, I will discuss the tension between
source code as an interactive system for performers and source code
as information and entertainment for audiences in live-coding
performances. I then describe augmentations I developed for the
presentation of source code in the live-coding environment Gibber,
including animations and annotations that visually reveal aspects of
system state during performances. I briefly describe audience
responses to these techniques and, more importantly, how they are
critical to my own artistic practice.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 3
- 24
author:
- family: Roberts
given: Charles
container-title: International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital
Media
DOI: 10.1080/14794713.2016.1227602
id: "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14794713.2016.1227602?journalCode_x61_rpdm20"
ISSN: 1479-4713
issue: 2
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2016
- 7
keyword: Live coding, psychology of programming, notation, audiences,
algorithms
page: 201-206
title: Code as information and code as spectacle
type: article-journal
URL: "https://doi.org/10.1080/14794713.2016.1227602"
volume: 12
- abstract: The TidalCycles (or Tidal for short) live coding environment
has been developed since around 2009, via several rewrites of its
core representation. Rather than having fixed goals, this
development has been guided by use, motivated by the open aim to
make music. This development process can be seen as a long-form
improvisation, with insights into the nature of Tidal gained through
the process of writing it, feeding back to guide the next steps of
development. This brings the worrying thought that key insights will
have been missed along this development journey, that would
otherwise have lead to very different software. Indeed participants
at beginners' workshops that I have lead or co-lead have often asked
questions without good answers, because they made deficiencies or
missing features in the software clear. It is well known that a
beginner's mind is able to see much that an expert has become blind
to. Running workshops are an excellent way to find new development
ideas, but the present paper explores a different technique -- the
rewrite.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 3
- 24
id: "https://zenodo.org/record/5788732"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2021
- 12
keyword: live coding, algorithmic pattern, tidalcycles, haskell,
python
publisher-place: Valdivia, Chile
title: Alternate Timelines for TidalCycles
URL: "https://zenodo.org/record/5788732"
- abstract: A JavaScript dialect of its mini-notation for pattern is
created, enabling easy integration with creative coding tools and an
accompanying technique for visually annotating the playback of
TidalCycles patterns over time. TidalCycles has rapidly become the
most popular system for many styles of live coding performance, in
particular Algoraves. We created a JavaScript dialect of its
mini-notation for pattern, enabling easy integration with creative
coding tools. Our research pairs a formalism describing the
mini-notation with a small JavaScript library for generating events
over time; this library is suitable for generating events inside of
an AudioWorkletProcessor thread and for assisting with scheduling in
JavaScript environments more generally. We describe integrating the
library into the two live coding systems, Gibber and Hydra, and
discuss an accompanying technique for visually annotating the
playback of TidalCycles patterns over time.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 12
author:
- family: Roberts
given: Charles
container-title: www.semanticscholar.org
id: "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Bringing-the-TidalCycles-Mini-Notation-to-the-Roberts/74965efadd572ae3f40d14c633a5c8581c1b9f42"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2019
title: Bringing the TidalCycles Mini-Notation to the Browser
URL: "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Bringing-the-TidalCycles-Mini-Notation-to-the-Roberts/74965efadd572ae3f40d14c633a5c8581c1b9f42"
- abstract: In this paper we introduce "version zero" of TidalVortex, an
alternative implementation of the TidalCycles live coding system,
using the Python programming language.  This is open-ended work,
exploring what happens when we try to extract the 'essence' of a
system like TidalCycles and translate it into another programming
language, while taking advantage of the affordance of its new host.
First, we review the substantial prior art in porting TidalCycles,
and in representing musical patterns in Python. We then compare
equivalent patterns written in Haskell (TidalCycles) and Python
(TidalVortex), and relate implementation details of how functional
reactive paradigms have translated from the pure functional,
strongly typed Haskell to the more multi-paradigm, dynamically typed
Python. Finally, we conclude with reflections and generalisable
outcomes.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 14
id: "https://zenodo.org/record/6456380"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
publisher-place: Limerick, Ireland
title: TidalVortex Zero
URL: "https://zenodo.org/record/6456380"
- abstract: This paper brings together two main perspectives on
algorithmic pattern. First, the writing of musical patterns in live
coding performance, and second, the weaving of patterns in textiles.
In both cases, algorithmic pattern is an interface between the human
and the outcome, where small changes have far-reaching impact on the
results. By bringing contemporary live coding and ancient textile
approaches together, we reach a common view of pattern as
algorithmic movement (e.g. looping, shifting, reflecting,
interfering) in the making of things. This works beyond the usual
definition of pattern used in musical interfaces, of mere repeating
sequences. We conclude by considering the place of algorithmic
pattern in a wider activity of making.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 15
id: "https://zenodo.org/record/4299661"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2020
- 7
keyword: pattern, tidalcycles, algorithmic music, textiles, live
coding, algorave
publisher-place: Birmingham UK
title: Algorithmic Pattern
URL: "https://zenodo.org/record/4299661"
- accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 15
author:
- family: Charlie
given: Roberts
- family: Joann
given: Kuchera-Morin
container-title: International Computer Music Conference Proceedings
id: "https://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/icmc/bbp2372.2012.011/2/--gibber-live-coding-audio-in-the-browser?page_x61_root;size_x61_150;view_x61_text"
ISSN: 2223-3881
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2012
title: "GIBBER: LIVE CODING AUDIO IN THE BROWSER"
title-short: GIBBER
type: article-journal
URL: "https://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/icmc/bbp2372.2012.011/2/%E2%80%93gibber-live-coding-audio-in-the-browser?page=root;size=150;view=text"
volume: 2012
- abstract: Estuary is a browser-based collaborative projectional
editing environment built on top of the popular TidalCycles language
for the live coding of musical pattern that includes a strict form
of structure editing, a click-only border-free approach to interface
design, and explicit notations to modulate the liveness of different
parts of the code. This paper describes the initial design and
development of Estuary, a browser-based collaborative projectional
editing environment built on top of the popular TidalCycles language
for the live coding of musical pattern. Key features of Estuary
include a strict form of structure editing (making syntactical
errors impossible), a click-only border-free approach to interface
design, explicit notations to modulate the liveness of different
parts of the code, and a server-based network collaboration system
that can be used for many simultaneous collaborative live coding
performances, as well as to present different views of the same live
coding activity. Estuary has been developed using Reflex-DOM, a
Haskell-based framework for web development whose strictness
promises robustness and security advantages.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 15
author:
- family: Ogborn
given: David
- family: Beverley
given: J.
container-title: www.semanticscholar.org
id: "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Estuary_x37_3A-Browser-based-Collaborative-Projectional-Ogborn-Beverley/c6b5d34575d6230dfd8751ca4af8e5f6e44d916b"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2017
title: "Estuary: Browser-based Collaborative Projectional Live Coding
of Musical Patterns"
title-short: Estuary
URL: "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Estuary%3A-Browser-based-Collaborative-Projectional-Ogborn-Beverley/c6b5d34575d6230dfd8751ca4af8e5f6e44d916b"
- abstract: This is an improvised, from-scratch live coding performance.
The NIME interface which this performance showcases is the new
Feedfoward editor for the TidalCycles live coding environment.
Feedforward is written in Haskell using the ncurses library for
terminal-based user interfaces. It runs on low-powered hardware
including the Raspberry Pi Zero, with formative testing of
prototypes conducted with several groups of children between the
ages of 8 and 14. Feedforward has a number of features designed to
support improvised, multi-pattern live coding. Individual Tidal
patterns are addressable with hotkeys for fast mute and unmuting.
Each pattern has a stereo VU meter, to aid the quick matching of
sound to pattern within a mix. In addition, TidalCycles has been
extended to store context with each event, so that source code
positions in its polyrhythmic sequence mini-notation are tracked.
This allows steps to be highlighted in the source code when- ever
they are active. This works even when Tidal combinators have been
applied to manipulate the timeline. Formal evaluation has yet to
take place, but this feature appears to support learning of how
pattern manipulations work in Tidal. Feedforward and TidalCycles is
free/open source software under a GPL licence version 3.0.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 15
id: "https://zenodo.org/record/6353969"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2020
- 7
publisher-place: Birmingham
title: Feedforward
URL: "https://zenodo.org/record/6353969"
- abstract: The Euclidean algorithm (which comes down to us from
Euclid's Elements) computes the greatest common divisor of two given
integers. It is shown here that the structure of the Euclidean
algorithm may be used to automatically generate, very efficiently, a
large family of rhythms used as timelines (rhythmic ostinatos), in
traditional world music. These rhythms, here dubbed Euclidean
rhythms, have the property that their onset patterns are distributed
as evenly as possible in a mathematically precise sense, and optimal
manner. Euclidean rhythms are closely related to the family of Aksak
rhythms studied by ethnomusicologists, and occur in a wide variety
of other disciplines as well. For example they characterize
algorithms for drawing digital straight lines in computer graphics,
as well as algorithms for calculating leap years in calendar design.
Euclidean rhythms also find application in nuclear physics
accelerators and in computer science, and are closely related to
several families of words and sequences of interest in the study of
the combinatorics of words, such as mechanical words, Sturmian
words, two-distance sequences, and Euclidean strings, to which the
Euclidean rhythms are compared. 1.
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
author:
- family: Toussaint
given: Godfried
container-title: "In Proceedings of BRIDGES: Mathematical Connections
in Art, Music and Science"
id: "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi_x61_10.1.1.72.1340"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2005
page: 47-56
title: The Euclidean algorithm generates traditional musical rhythms
type: paper-conference
URL: "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.72.1340"
- accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
container-title: webaudioconf.com
id: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2021_8/"
title: "WAC Glicol: A Graph-oriented Live Coding Language Developed
with Rust, WebAssembly and AudioWorklet"
title-short: WAC Glicol
URL: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2021_8/"
- accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
container-title: webaudioconf.com
id: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2019_38/"
title: "WAC FAUST online IDE: Dynamically compile and publish FAUST
code as WebAudio Plugins"
title-short: WAC FAUST online IDE
URL: "https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2019_38/"
- abstract: Strudel REPL
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 24
container-title: strudel.tidalcycles.org
id: "https://strudel.tidalcycles.org"
title: Strudel REPL
URL: "https://strudel.tidalcycles.org/"
- abstract: Description
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 25
container-title: hydra.ojack.xyz
id: "https://hydra.ojack.xyz/docs/\\_x35\\_/"
title: Hydra
URL: "https://hydra.ojack.xyz/docs/#/"
- accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 25
container-title: mikesol.github.io
id: "https://mikesol.github.io/purescript-wags/"
title: Wags documentation
URL: "https://mikesol.github.io/purescript-wags/"
- abstract: Experimental port of tidalcycles to Javascript
accessed:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
- 25
id: "https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel"
issued:
date-parts:
- - 2022
- 4
keyword: javascript, livecoding, tidal, tidalcycles, algorave,
algorithmic-patterns
note: "original-date: 2022-01-22T20:24:35Z"
publisher: TidalCycles
title: Strudel
URL: "https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel"
bibliography: citations.json
date: 2022-06-24
title: "Strudel: Algorithmic Patterns for the Web"
url2cite: all-links
---
# Introduction
@ -358,9 +11,9 @@ alternative implementation of the Tidal (or 'TidalCycles') live coding
system, using the JavaScript programming language. Strudel is an attempt
to make live coding more accessible, by creating a system that runs
entirely in the browser, while opening Tidal's approach to algorithmic
patterns [@https://zenodo.org/record/4299661] up to modern audio/visual
web technologies. The Strudel REPL is a live code editor dedicated to
manipulating strudel patterns while they play, with builtin visual
patterns [@mcleanAlgorithmicPattern2020a] up to modern audio/visual web
technologies. The Strudel REPL is a live code editor dedicated to
manipulating Strudel patterns while they play, with builtin visual
feedback. While Strudel is written in JavaScript, the API is optimized
for simplicity and readability by applying code transformations on the
syntax tree level, allowing language operations that would otherwise be
@ -369,13 +22,11 @@ including Tone.js, Web Audio nodes, OSC (Open Sound Control) messages,
Web Serial and Web MIDI. The project is split into multiple packages,
allowing granular reuse in other applications. Apart from TidalCycles,
Strudel draws inspiration from many prior existing projects like
TidalVortex [@https://zenodo.org/record/6456380], Gibber
[@{https://quod.lib.umich.edu/i/icmc/bbp2372.2012.011/2/–gibber-live-coding-audio-in-the-browser?page_x61_root;size_x61_150;view_x61_text}],
Estuary
[@https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Estuary_x37_3A-Browser-based-Collaborative-Projectional-Ogborn-Beverley/c6b5d34575d6230dfd8751ca4af8e5f6e44d916b],
Hydra [@{https://hydra.ojack.xyz/docs/_x35_/}], Wags
[@{https://mikesol.github.io/purescript-wags/}] and Feedforward
[@https://zenodo.org/record/6353969].
TidalVortex [@mcleanTidalVortexZero2022], Gibber
[@robertsGibberLiveCoding2012], Estuary
[@ogbornEstuaryBrowserbasedCollaborative2017], Hydra [@jackHydra2022],
Ocarina [@solomonPurescriptocarina2022] and Feedforward
[@mcleanFeedforward2020].
# Porting from Haskell
@ -387,12 +38,12 @@ with a dynamic type system. Because Tidal leans heavily on many of
Haskell's more unique features, it was not always clear that it could
meaningfully be ported to a multi-paradigm scripting language. However,
this already proved to be the case with an earlier port to Python
\[TidalVortex; @https://zenodo.org/record/6456380\], and we have now
\[TidalVortex; @mcleanTidalVortexZero2022\], and we have now
successfully implemented Tidal's pure functional representation of
patterns in Strudel, including partial application, and functor,
applicative and monad structures. Over the past few months since the
project started in January 2022, a large part of Tidal's functionality
has already been ported, including it's mini-notation for polymetric
has already been ported, including its mini-notation for polymetric
sequences, and a large part of its library of pattern manipulations. The
result is a terse and highly composable system, where just about
everything is a pattern, that may be transformed and combined with other
@ -478,20 +129,20 @@ This line could also be expressed without mini notation:
Here is a short description of all the functions used:
- slowcat: play elements sequentially, where each lasts one cycle
- brackets: elements inside brackets are divided equally over the time
of their parent
- euclid(p, s, o): place p pulses evenly over s steps, with offset o
[@https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi_x61_10.1.1.72.1340]
- fast(n): speed up by n. `g3.fast(2)` will play g3 two times.
- off(n, f): copy each event, offset it by n cycles and apply function
f
- legato(n): multiply duration of event with n
- echo(t, n, v): copy each event t times, with n cycles in between
- `slowcat`: play elements sequentially, where each lasts one cycle
- `brackets`: elements inside brackets are divided equally over the
time of their parent
- `euclid(p, s, o)`: place p pulses evenly over s steps, with offset o
[@toussaintEuclideanAlgorithmGenerates2005]
- `fast(n)`: speed up by n. `g3.fast(2)` will play g3 two times.
- `off(n, f)`: copy each event, offset it by n cycles and apply
function f
- `legato(n)`: multiply duration of event with n
- `echo(t, n, v)`: copy each event t times, with n cycles in between
each copy, decreasing velocity by v
- tone(instrument): play back each event with the given Tone.js
- `tone(instrument)`: play back each event with the given Tone.js
instrument
- pianoroll(): visualize events as midi notes in a pianoroll
- `pianoroll()`: visualize events as midi notes in a pianoroll
# Future Outlook
@ -503,44 +154,29 @@ general guiding principles, Strudel aims to be
3. modular and extensible
The main accessibility advantage over Tidal is the zero install browser
environment. It is not yet accessible to screen reader users, but will
be soon with the integration of the CodeMirror 6 editor. While Strudel
can control Tidal's SuperDirt audio system via OSC, it requires the user
to install SuperCollider and its sc3plugins library, which can be
environment. It should also now be accessible to screen reader users,
with the recent integration of the CodeMirror 6 editor. While Strudel
can control Tidal's SuperDirt audio system via OSC, that requires the
user to install SuperCollider and its sc3plugins library, which can be
difficult. Without SuperDirt, Strudel is able to output sound itself via
Tone.js, however this is limited both in terms of available features and
runtime performance. For the future, it is planned to integrate
alternative sound engines such as glicol
[@{https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2021_8/}] and faust
[@{https://webaudioconf.com/posts/2019_38/}]. To improve compatibility
with Tidal, more Tidal functions are planned to be ported, as well as
full compatibility with SuperDirt. Besides sound, other ways to render
events are being explored, such as graphical, and choreographic output.
We are also looking into alternative ways of editing patterns, including
alternative sound engines such as glicol [@lanChaosprintGlicol2022] and
faust [@FaustProgrammingLanguage2022]. To improve compatibility with
Tidal, more Tidal functions are planned to be ported, as well as full
compatibility with SuperDirt. Besides sound, other ways to render events
are being explored, such as graphical, and choreographic output. We are
also looking into alternative ways of editing patterns, including
multi-user editing for network music, parsing a novel syntax to escape
the constraints of javascript, and developing hardware/e-textile
interfaces.
# Links
The Strudel REPL is available at [https://strudel.tidalcycles.org
[@https://strudel.tidalcycles.org]](https://strudel.tidalcycles.org){.uri
cite-meta="{\"URL\":\"https://strudel.tidalcycles.org/\",\"abstract\":\"Strudel REPL\",\"accessed\":{\"date-parts\":[[2022,4,24]]},\"container-title\":\"strudel.tidalcycles.org\",\"id\":\"https://strudel.tidalcycles.org\",\"title\":\"Strudel REPL\",\"type\":\"\"}"},
The Strudel REPL is available at <https://strudel.tidalcycles.org>,
including an interactive tutorial. The repository is at
[https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel
[@https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel]](https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel){.uri
cite-meta="{\"URL\":\"https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel\",\"abstract\":\"Experimental port of tidalcycles to Javascript\",\"accessed\":{\"date-parts\":[[2022,4,25]]},\"id\":\"https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel\",\"issued\":{\"date-parts\":[[2022,4]]},\"keyword\":\"javascript, livecoding, tidal, tidalcycles, algorave, algorithmic-patterns\",\"note\":\"original-date: 2022-01-22T20:24:35Z\",\"publisher\":\"TidalCycles\",\"title\":\"Strudel\",\"type\":\"\"}"},
all the code is open source under the GPL-3.0 License.
# Technical requirements
- Space for one laptop + small audio interface (20 cm x 20cm), with
mains power.
- Stereo sound system, either placed behind presenter (for direct
monitoring) or with additional stereo monitors.
- Audio from audio interface: stereo pair 6,3mm jack outputs
(balanced)
- Projector / screen (HDMI.)
<https://github.com/tidalcycles/strudel>, all the code is open source
under the GPL-3.0 License.
# Acknowledgments
@ -549,4 +185,4 @@ free/open source software communities for inspiration and support. Alex
McLean's work on this project is supported by a UKRI Future Leaders
Fellowship \[grant number MR/V025260/1\].
# References
# References {#references .unnumbered}