diff --git a/packages/core/controls.mjs b/packages/core/controls.mjs
index f28d13f6..1bf3fa85 100644
--- a/packages/core/controls.mjs
+++ b/packages/core/controls.mjs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ Copyright (C) 2022 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/
 This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
-import { Pattern, register, reify } from './pattern.mjs';
+import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
+import { Pattern, pure, register, reify } from './pattern.mjs';
 
 export function createParam(names) {
   let isMulti = Array.isArray(names);
@@ -2044,6 +2045,28 @@ export const { octave, oct } = registerControl('octave', 'oct');
  * )
  */
 export const { orbit } = registerControl('orbit', 'o');
+
+/**
+ * A `bus` is a send which can be used for mixing patterns. It combines with..
+ *   s("bus") to play that bus through another pattern (for, say, applying non-linear
+ *   effects like distortion to multiple signals)
+ *
+ *   otherPat.bmod(..) (to modulate another pattern with the bus)
+ *
+ * @name bus
+ * @param {number | Pattern} number
+ */
+export const { bus } = registerControl('bus');
+
+/**
+ * Postgain multiplier prior to sending the signal to the audio bus.
+ *
+ * @name busgain
+ * @synonyms bgain
+ * @param {number | Pattern} number
+ */
+export const { busgain, bgain } = registerControl('busgain', 'bgain');
+
 // TODO: what is this? not found in tidal doc Answer: gain is limited to maximum of 2. This allows you to go over that
 export const { overgain } = registerControl('overgain');
 // TODO: what is this? not found in tidal doc. Similar to above, but limited to 1
@@ -2088,8 +2111,7 @@ export const { panorient } = registerControl('panorient');
 // ['pitch2'],
 // ['pitch3'],
 // ['portamento'],
-// TODO: LFO rate see https://tidalcycles.org/docs/patternlib/tutorials/synthesizers/#supersquare
-export const { rate } = registerControl('rate');
+
 // TODO: slide param for certain synths
 export const { slide } = registerControl('slide');
 // TODO: detune? https://tidalcycles.org/docs/patternlib/tutorials/synthesizers/#supersquare
@@ -2515,7 +2537,6 @@ export const { curve } = registerControl('curve');
 export const { deltaSlide } = registerControl('deltaSlide');
 export const { pitchJump } = registerControl('pitchJump');
 export const { pitchJumpTime } = registerControl('pitchJumpTime');
-export const { lfo, repeatTime } = registerControl('lfo', 'repeatTime');
 // noise on the frequency or as bubo calls it "frequency fog" :)
 export const { znoise } = registerControl('znoise');
 export const { zmod } = registerControl('zmod');
@@ -2792,6 +2813,245 @@ export const scrub = register(
   false,
 );
 
+const subControlAliases = new Map();
+const registerSubControl = (control, subControl, ...aliases) => {
+  const aliasMap = subControlAliases.get(control) ?? new Map();
+  const allKeys = new Set([subControl, ...aliases]);
+  for (const alias of allKeys) {
+    aliasMap.set(String(alias).toLowerCase(), subControl);
+  }
+  subControlAliases.set(control, aliasMap);
+};
+
+const registerSubControls = (control, subControlAliases = []) => {
+  for (const [subControl, ...aliases] of subControlAliases) {
+    registerSubControl(control, subControl, ...aliases);
+  }
+};
+
+const getMainSubcontrolName = (control, subKey) => {
+  const aliasMap = subControlAliases.get(control);
+  if (!aliasMap) return subKey;
+  return aliasMap.get(String(subKey).toLowerCase()) ?? subKey;
+};
+
+registerSubControls('lfo', [
+  ['control', 'c'],
+  ['subControl', 'sc'],
+  ['rate', 'r'],
+  ['depth', 'dep', 'dr'],
+  ['depthabs', 'da'],
+  ['dcoffset', 'dc'],
+  ['shape', 'sh'],
+  ['skew', 'sk'],
+  ['curve'],
+  ['sync', 's'],
+]);
+registerSubControls('env', [
+  ['control', 'c'],
+  ['subControl', 'sc'],
+  ['attack', 'att', 'a'],
+  ['decay', 'dec', 'd'],
+  ['sustain', 'sus', 's'],
+  ['release', 'rel', 'r'],
+  ['depth', 'dep', 'dr'],
+  ['depthabs', 'da'],
+  ['acurve', 'ac'],
+  ['dcurve', 'dc'],
+  ['rcurve', 'rc'],
+]);
+registerSubControls('bmod', [
+  ['bus', 'b'],
+  ['control', 'c'],
+  ['subControl', 'sc'],
+  ['depth', 'dep', 'dr'],
+  ['depthabs', 'da'],
+  ['dc'],
+]);
+
+Pattern.prototype.modulate = function (type, config, id) {
+  config = { control: undefined, ...config };
+  const modulatorKeys = ['lfo', 'env', 'bmod'];
+  if (!modulatorKeys.includes(type)) {
+    logger(`[core] Modulation type ${type} not found. Please use one of 'lfo', 'env', 'bmod'`);
+    return this;
+  }
+  let output = this;
+  let defaultValue = undefined;
+  for (const [rawKey, value] of Object.entries(config)) {
+    const key = getMainSubcontrolName(type, rawKey);
+    const valuePat = reify(value);
+    output = output
+      .fmap((v) => (c) => {
+        if (defaultValue === undefined) {
+          // default control to the control set just before this in the chain
+          // e.g. pat.gain(0.5).lfo({..}) will be a gain-LFO
+          let control = getControlName(Object.keys(v).at(-1));
+          if (modulatorKeys.includes(control)) {
+            control = `${control}_${[...v[control].__ids].at(-1)}`;
+          }
+          defaultValue = control;
+        }
+        v[type] ??= { __ids: new Set() };
+        const t = v[type];
+        id ??= t.__ids.size;
+        t[id] ??= { control: defaultValue };
+        t.__ids.add(id); // keeps track of insertion order
+        if (c === undefined) return v;
+        if (key === 'control' || key === 'subControl') {
+          t[id][key] = getControlName(c);
+        } else {
+          t[id][key] = c;
+        }
+        return v;
+      })
+      .appLeft(valuePat);
+  }
+  return output;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Configures an LFO. Can be called in sequence like pat.lfo(...).lfo(...) to set up multiple LFOs.
+ * There are two ways to declare which control will be modulated:
+ * 1. Explicitly put `control` in the config (e.g. `lfo({ c: "lpf" })`)
+ * 2. If the control parameter is absent, the control _immediately before_ the `lfo` call will be used
+ *   (e.g. `s("saw").lpf(500).lfo()` to modulate `lpf`)
+ *
+ * Modulators can be referred to by `id` so that they can be updated later e.g. inside
+ * a `sometimes`. See example below.
+ *
+ * @name lfo
+ * @param {Object} config LFO configuration.
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.control] Node to modulate. Aliases: t
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.subControl] Sub-control name to append to the control key. Aliases: sc, p
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.rate] Modulation rate. Aliases: rate, r
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.depth] Relative modulation depth. Aliases: dep, dr
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.depthabs] Absolute modulation depth. Aliases: da
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.dcoffset] DC offset / bias for the waveform. Aliases: dc
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.shape] Shape index. Aliases: sh
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.skew] Skew amount. Aliases: sk
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.curve] Exponential curve amount. Aliases: c
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.sync] Tempo-synced modulation rate. Aliases: s
+ * @param {string | Pattern} id ID to use for this modulator
+ * @returns Pattern
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("saw").note("F1").lpf(500).lfo()
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("saw").lfo().lpf(500).lfo({ s: 0.3 })
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("saw").lpf(500).diode(0.3)
+ *   .lfo({ c: "lpf" })
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("pulse").lpf(500).lfo()
+ *   .lfo({ c: "s" })
+ *   .diode(0.3)
+ *   .sometimes(x => x.lfo({ s: "8" }, 1)) // lfo #1 (0-indexed)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("pulse").lpf(500).lfo({ depth: 4 }, 'lpf_mod')
+ *   .lfo({ c: "s" })
+ *   .diode(0.3)
+ *   .sometimes(x => x.lfo({ s: "8" }, 'lpf_mod'))
+ */
+Pattern.prototype.lfo = function (config, id) {
+  return this.modulate('lfo', config, id);
+};
+export const lfo = (config) => pure({}).lfo(config);
+
+/**
+ * Configures an envelope. Can be called in sequence like pat.env(...).env(...) to set up multiple envelopes
+ * There are two ways to declare which control will be modulated:
+ * 1. Explicitly put `control` in the config (e.g. `env({ c: "lpf" })`)
+ * 2. If the control parameter is absent, the control _immediately before_ the `env` call will be used
+ *   (e.g. `s("saw").lpf(500).env({ a: 1 })` to modulate `lpf`)
+ *
+ * Modulators can be referred to by `id` so that they can be updated later e.g. inside
+ * a `sometimes`. See example below.
+ *
+ * @name env
+ * @param {Object} config Envelope configuration.
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.control] Node to modulate. Aliases: t
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.subControl] Sub-control name to append to the control key. Aliases: sc, p
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.depth] Relative modulation depth. Aliases: dep, dr
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.depthabs] Absolute modulation depth. Aliases: da
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.attack] Time to reach depth. Aliases: att, a
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.decay] Time to reach sustain. Aliases: dec, d
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.sustain] Sustain depth. Aliases: sus, s
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.release] Time to return to nominal value. Aliases: rel, r
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.acurve] Snappiness of attack curve (-1 = relaxed, 1 = snappy). Aliases: ac
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.dcurve] Snappiness of decay curve (-1 = relaxed, 1 = snappy). Aliases: dc
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.rcurve] Snappiness of release curve (-1 = relaxed, 1 = snappy). Aliases: rc
+ * @param {string | Pattern} id ID to use for this modulator
+ * @returns Pattern
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("saw").note("F1").lpf(500).env({ a: 1 })
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("saw").env({ d: 1 }).note("F1")
+ *   .lpq(4).lpf(50)
+ *   .env({ a: 0.1, d: 1, ac: 0.8, dc: 0.3, depth: 50 })
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("saw").lpf(500).diode(0.3)
+ *   .env({ c: "lpf", a: 0.5, d: 0.5 })
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("pulse").lpf(500).env({ a: 1 })
+ *   .env({ c: "s", a: 1 })
+ *   .diode(0.3)
+ *   .sometimes(x => x.env({ a: "0.5" }, 1)) // envelope #1 (0-indexed)
+ *
+ * @example
+ * s("pulse").lpf(500).env({ a: 1 }, 'lpf_mod')
+ *   .env({ c: "s", a: 1 })
+ *   .diode(0.3)
+ *   .sometimes(x => x.env({ a: "0.5" }, 'lpf_mod'))
+ */
+Pattern.prototype.env = function (config, id) {
+  return this.modulate('env', config, id);
+};
+export const env = (config) => pure({}).env(config);
+
+/**
+ * Modulates with the output from a given `bus`.
+ * Can be called in sequence like pat.bmod(...).bmod(...) to set up multiple modulators
+ *
+ * Send to an audio bus with `otherPat.bus(..)`.
+ *
+ * There are two ways to declare which control will be modulated:
+ * 1. Explicitly put `control` in the config (e.g. `bmod({ id: 2, c: "lpf" })`)
+ * 2. If the control parameter is absent, the control _immediately before_ the `bmod` call will be used
+ *   (e.g. `s("saw").lpf(500).bmod({ id: 2 })` to modulate `lpf`)
+ *
+ * Modulators can be referred to by `id` so that they can be updated later e.g. inside
+ * a `sometimes`. See example below.
+ *
+ * @name bmod
+ * @param {Object} config Bus modulation configuration.
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.bus] Bus to get modulation signal from
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.control] Node to modulate. Aliases: t
+ * @param {string | Pattern} [config.subControl] Sub-control name to append to the control key. Aliases: sc, p
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.depth] Relative modulation depth. Aliases: dep, dr
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.depthabs] Absolute modulation depth. Aliases: da
+ * @param {number | Pattern} [config.dc] DC offset prior to application
+ * @param {string | Pattern} id ID to use for this modulator
+ * @returns Pattern
+ *
+ * @example
+ * modulator: s("one").seg(64).gain(slider(0, 0, 1)).bus(1).dry(0)
+ * carrier: s("saw").bmod({ b: 1 })
+ *
+ */
+Pattern.prototype.bmod = function (config, id) {
+  return this.modulate('bmod', config, id);
+};
+export const bmod = (config) => pure({}).bmod(config);
+
 /**
  * Transient shaper. Gives independent control over the emphasis on transients
  * and sustains
diff --git a/packages/soundfonts/fontloader.mjs b/packages/soundfonts/fontloader.mjs
index 95e21089..b4ae5982 100644
--- a/packages/soundfonts/fontloader.mjs
+++ b/packages/soundfonts/fontloader.mjs
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ export function registerSoundfonts() {
         let envEnd = holdEnd + release + 0.01;
 
         // vibrato
-        let vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(bufferSource.detune, value, time);
+        const vibratoHandle = getVibratoOscillator(bufferSource.detune, value, time);
         // pitch envelope
         getPitchEnvelope(bufferSource.detune, value, time, holdEnd);
 
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@ export function registerSoundfonts() {
         const stop = (releaseTime) => {};
         onceEnded(bufferSource, () => {
           releaseAudioNode(bufferSource);
-          releaseAudioNode(vibratoOscillator);
+          vibratoHandle?.stop();
           onended();
         });
-        return { node, stop };
+        return { node, stop, nodes: { source: [bufferSource], ...vibratoHandle?.nodes } };
       },
       { type: 'soundfont', prebake: true, fonts },
     );
diff --git a/packages/superdough/helpers.mjs b/packages/superdough/helpers.mjs
index 6278251d..8bd8b067 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/helpers.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/helpers.mjs
@@ -104,22 +104,40 @@ function getModulationShapeInput(val) {
   return { tri: 0, triangle: 0, sine: 1, ramp: 2, saw: 3, square: 4 }[val] ?? 0;
 }
 
-export function getLfo(audioContext, begin, end, properties = {}) {
-  const { shape = 0, ...props } = properties;
-  const { dcoffset = -0.5, depth = 1 } = properties;
+export function getEnvelope(audioContext, properties = {}) {
+  return getWorklet(audioContext, 'envelope-processor', properties);
+}
+
+export function getLfo(audioContext, properties = {}) {
+  const {
+    shape = 0,
+    begin = 0,
+    end = 0,
+    time,
+    depth = 1,
+    dcoffset = -0.5,
+    frequency = 1,
+    skew = 0.5,
+    phaseoffset = 0,
+    curve = 1,
+    min,
+    max,
+    ...props
+  } = properties;
+
   const lfoprops = {
-    frequency: 1,
-    depth,
-    skew: 0.5,
-    phaseoffset: 0,
-    time: begin,
     begin,
     end,
-    shape: getModulationShapeInput(shape),
+    time: time ?? begin,
+    depth,
     dcoffset,
-    min: dcoffset * depth,
-    max: dcoffset * depth + depth,
-    curve: 1,
+    frequency,
+    skew,
+    phaseoffset,
+    curve,
+    shape: getModulationShapeInput(shape),
+    min: min ?? dcoffset * depth,
+    max: max ?? dcoffset * depth + depth,
     ...props,
   };
 
@@ -161,7 +179,9 @@ export function getParamLfo(audioContext, param, start, end, lfoValues) {
   }
   let lfo;
   if (depth) {
-    lfo = getLfo(audioContext, start, end, {
+    lfo = getLfo(audioContext, {
+      begin: start,
+      end,
       depth,
       dcoffset,
       ...getLfoInputs,
@@ -331,7 +351,7 @@ export function getVibratoOscillator(param, value, t) {
       releaseAudioNode(vibratoOscillator);
     });
     vibratoOscillator.start(t);
-    return vibratoOscillator;
+    return { stop: (t) => vibratoOscillator.stop(t), nodes: { vib: [vibratoOscillator], vib_gain: [gain] } };
   }
 }
 
@@ -387,6 +407,7 @@ export function applyFM(param, value, begin) {
   const ac = getAudioContext();
   const toStop = []; // fm oscillators we will expose `stop` for
   const fms = {};
+  const nodes = {};
   // Matrix
   for (let i = 1; i <= 8; i++) {
     for (let j = 0; j <= 8; j++) {
@@ -437,11 +458,13 @@ export function applyFM(param, value, begin) {
             output = osc.connect(envGain);
           }
           fms[idx] = { input: osc.frequency, output, freq, osc, toCleanup };
+          nodes[`fm_${idx}`] = [osc];
         }
         const { input, output, freq, osc, toCleanup } = fms[idx];
         const g = gainNode(amt * freq);
         io.push(isMod ? output.connect(g) : input);
         cleanupOnEnd(osc, [...toCleanup, g]);
+        nodes[`fm_${idx}_gain`] = [g];
       }
       if (!io[1]) {
         logger(
@@ -454,6 +477,7 @@ export function applyFM(param, value, begin) {
     }
   }
   return {
+    nodes,
     stop: (t) => toStop.forEach((m) => m?.stop(t)),
   };
 }
diff --git a/packages/superdough/index.mjs b/packages/superdough/index.mjs
index a382bd15..c3d2f6c5 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/index.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/index.mjs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ export * from './helpers.mjs';
 export * from './synth.mjs';
 export * from './zzfx.mjs';
 export * from './logger.mjs';
+export * from './modulators.mjs';
 export * from './dspworklet.mjs';
 export * from './audioContext.mjs';
 export * from './wavetable.mjs';
diff --git a/packages/superdough/modulators.mjs b/packages/superdough/modulators.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96c68d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/superdough/modulators.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+modulators.mjs - Helpers for constructing modulators (envelopes, LFOs, etc.)
+Copyright (C) 2025 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/src/branch/main/packages/superdough/modulators.mjs>
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
+import { gainNode, getEnvelope, getLfo, webAudioTimeout } from './helpers.mjs';
+import { errorLogger } from './logger.mjs';
+import { getSuperdoughControlTargets } from './superdoughdata.mjs';
+import { clamp } from './util.mjs';
+
+const getNodeParam = (node, name) => {
+  // Worklet case
+  if (node?.parameters) {
+    const p = node.parameters.get(name);
+    if (p instanceof AudioParam) {
+      return p;
+    }
+  }
+  // Built-in node case
+  let p = node?.[name];
+  if (p === undefined && name === 'frequency') {
+    // Fallbacks for source nodes without 'frequency' params (e.g. soundfonts)
+    p = node?.['detune'] ?? node?.['playbackRate'];
+  }
+  if (p instanceof AudioParam) {
+    return p;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+};
+
+const controlTargets = getSuperdoughControlTargets();
+
+const getControlData = (control) => {
+  return controlTargets[control.split('_')[0]];
+};
+
+const getRangeForParam = (paramName, currentValue) => {
+  // We clamp the frequency to a reasonable range unless the currentValue
+  // is low, which indicates this may be an LFO
+  if (paramName === 'frequency' && currentValue >= 30) {
+    return { min: 20 - currentValue, max: 24000 - currentValue };
+  }
+  return { min: undefined, max: undefined };
+};
+
+const clampWithWaveShaper = (modulator, min, max) => {
+  const ac = getAudioContext();
+  const curve = new Float32Array(256);
+  for (let i = 0; i < curve.length; i++) {
+    const x = (i / (curve.length - 1)) * 2 - 1;
+    curve[i] = clamp(x * max, min, max);
+  }
+  const shaper = new WaveShaperNode(ac, { curve });
+  const scaleGain = gainNode(1 / max);
+  modulator.connect(scaleGain).connect(shaper);
+  return { modulator, toCleanup: [shaper, scaleGain] };
+};
+
+const getTargetParamsForControl = (control, nodes, subControl) => {
+  const lookupKey = subControl ? `${control}_${subControl}` : control;
+  const targetInfo = getControlData(lookupKey) ?? getControlData(control);
+  if (!targetInfo) {
+    errorLogger(new Error(`Could not find control data for target '${control}'`), 'superdough');
+    return { targetParams: [], paramName: control };
+  }
+  const paramName = targetInfo.param;
+  const nodeKey = nodes[targetInfo.node] ? targetInfo.node : control;
+  const targetNodes = nodes[nodeKey];
+  if (!targetNodes) {
+    const keys = Object.keys(nodes);
+    errorLogger(
+      new Error(`Could not connect to target '${nodeKey}' — it does not exist. Available targets: ${keys.join(', ')}`),
+      'superdough',
+    );
+    return { targetParams: [], paramName };
+  }
+  const audioParams = [];
+  targetNodes.forEach((targetNode) => {
+    const targetParam = getNodeParam(targetNode, paramName);
+    audioParams.push(targetParam);
+  });
+  return { targetParams: audioParams, paramName };
+};
+
+export const connectLFO = (id, params, nodeTracker) => {
+  const { rate = 1, sync, cps, cycle, control = 'lfo', subControl, depth = 1, depthabs, ...filteredParams } = params;
+  const { targetParams, paramName } = getTargetParamsForControl(control, nodeTracker, subControl);
+  if (!targetParams.length) return;
+  let currentValue = targetParams[0].value;
+  currentValue = currentValue === 0 ? 1 : currentValue;
+  const { min, max } = getRangeForParam(paramName, currentValue);
+  const depthValue = depthabs != null ? depthabs : depth * currentValue;
+  const modParams = {
+    ...filteredParams,
+    frequency: sync !== undefined ? sync * cps : rate,
+    time: cycle / cps,
+    depth: depthValue,
+    min,
+    max,
+  };
+  const lfoNode = getLfo(getAudioContext(), modParams);
+  nodeTracker[`lfo_${id}`] = [lfoNode];
+  targetParams.forEach((t) => lfoNode.connect(t));
+  return lfoNode;
+};
+
+export const connectEnvelope = (id, params, nodeTracker) => {
+  const { control, subControl, acurve, dcurve, rcurve, depth = 1, depthabs, ...filteredParams } = params;
+  const { targetParams, paramName } = getTargetParamsForControl(control, nodeTracker, subControl);
+  if (!targetParams.length) return;
+  let currentValue = targetParams[0].value;
+  currentValue = currentValue === 0 ? 1 : currentValue;
+  const { min, max } = getRangeForParam(paramName, currentValue);
+  const depthValue = depthabs != null ? depthabs : depth * currentValue;
+  const envNode = getEnvelope(getAudioContext(), {
+    ...filteredParams,
+    depth: depthValue,
+    min,
+    max,
+    attackCurve: acurve,
+    decayCurve: dcurve,
+    releaseCurve: rcurve,
+  });
+  nodeTracker[`env_${id}`] = [envNode];
+  targetParams.forEach((t) => envNode.connect(t));
+  return envNode;
+};
+
+export const connectBusModulator = (params, nodeTracker, controller) => {
+  const ac = getAudioContext();
+  const { control, subControl, depth = 1, depthabs } = params;
+  const { targetParams, paramName } = getTargetParamsForControl(control, nodeTracker, subControl);
+  if (!targetParams.length) return { toCleanup: [] };
+  const signal = controller.getBus(params.bus);
+  const dc = new ConstantSourceNode(ac, { offset: params.dc ?? 0 });
+  dc.start(params.begin);
+  const shifted = dc.connect(gainNode(1));
+  signal.connect(shifted);
+  let currentValue = targetParams[0].value;
+  currentValue = currentValue === 0 ? 1 : currentValue;
+  const { min, max } = getRangeForParam(paramName, currentValue);
+  const depthValue = depthabs != null ? depthabs : depth * currentValue;
+  const depthGain = gainNode((Math.sign(depthValue) * Math.abs(depthValue)) / 0.3);
+  const unClamped = shifted.connect(depthGain);
+  let { modulator, toCleanup } = clampWithWaveShaper(unClamped, min, max);
+  webAudioTimeout(
+    ac,
+    () => {
+      targetParams.forEach((t) => modulator.connect(t));
+    },
+    0,
+    params.begin,
+  );
+  toCleanup.push(dc, shifted, depthGain);
+  return { modulator, toCleanup };
+};
diff --git a/packages/superdough/sampler.mjs b/packages/superdough/sampler.mjs
index 2deeb4b7..819de3c7 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/sampler.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/sampler.mjs
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ export async function onTriggerSample(t, value, onended, bank, resolveUrl) {
   }
 
   // vibrato
-  let vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(bufferSource.detune, value, t);
+  const vibratoHandle = getVibratoOscillator(bufferSource.detune, value, t);
 
   const time = t + nudge;
   bufferSource.start(time, offset);
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ export async function onTriggerSample(t, value, onended, bank, resolveUrl) {
   node.connect(out);
   onceEnded(bufferSource, function () {
     releaseAudioNode(bufferSource);
-    releaseAudioNode(vibratoOscillator);
+    vibratoHandle?.stop();
     releaseAudioNode(node);
     releaseAudioNode(out);
     onended();
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ export async function onTriggerSample(t, value, onended, bank, resolveUrl) {
   const stop = (endTime) => {
     bufferSource.stop(endTime);
   };
-  const handle = { node: out, bufferSource, stop };
+  const handle = { node: out, nodes: { source: [bufferSource], ...vibratoHandle?.nodes }, stop };
 
   // cut groups
   if (cut !== undefined) {
diff --git a/packages/superdough/superdough.mjs b/packages/superdough/superdough.mjs
index 1ce91c83..8a3e9f7b 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/superdough.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/superdough.mjs
@@ -11,18 +11,19 @@ import { nanFallback, _mod, cycleToSeconds, pickAndRename } from './util.mjs';
 import workletsUrl from './worklets.mjs?audioworklet';
 import {
   createFilter,
+  effectSend,
   gainNode,
   getCompressor,
   getDistortion,
   getLfo,
   getWorklet,
-  effectSend,
   releaseAudioNode,
 } from './helpers.mjs';
 import { map } from 'nanostores';
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
+import { connectLFO, connectEnvelope, connectBusModulator } from './modulators.mjs';
 import { loadBuffer } from './sampler.mjs';
-import { getAudioContext, setAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
+import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
 import { SuperdoughAudioController } from './superdoughoutput.mjs';
 import { resetSeenKeys } from './wavetable.mjs';
 
@@ -184,6 +185,7 @@ let defaultDefaultValues = {
   distortvol: 1,
   distorttype: 0,
   delay: 0,
+  busgain: 1,
   byteBeatExpression: '0',
   delayfeedback: 0.5,
   delaysync: 3 / 16,
@@ -327,9 +329,9 @@ export function connectToDestination(input, channels) {
   controller.output.connectToDestination(input, channels);
 }
 
-function getPhaser(time, end, frequency = 1, depth = 0.5, centerFrequency = 1000, sweep = 2000) {
+function getPhaser(begin, end, frequency = 1, depth = 0.5, centerFrequency = 1000, sweep = 2000) {
   const ac = getAudioContext();
-  const lfo = getLfo(ac, time, end, { frequency, depth: sweep * 2 });
+  const lfo = getLfo(ac, { frequency, depth: sweep * 2, begin, end });
 
   //filters
   const numStages = 1; //num of filters in series
@@ -401,6 +403,7 @@ function mapChannelNumbers(channels) {
 }
 
 export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5) => {
+  let nodes = {};
   // new: t is always expected to be the absolute target onset time
   const ac = getAudioContext();
   const audioController = getSuperdoughAudioController();
@@ -472,6 +475,8 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     delaysync = getDefaultValue('delaysync'),
     delaytime,
     orbit = getDefaultValue('orbit'),
+    bus,
+    busgain = getDefaultValue('busgain'),
     room,
     roomfade,
     roomlp,
@@ -512,6 +517,7 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   delay = applyGainCurve(delay);
   velocity = applyGainCurve(velocity);
   tremolodepth = applyGainCurve(tremolodepth);
+  busgain = applyGainCurve(busgain);
   gain *= velocity; // velocity currently only multiplies with gain. it might do other things in the future
 
   const end = t + hapDuration;
@@ -529,7 +535,7 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     activeSoundSources.delete(chainID);
   }
 
-  let audioNodes = [];
+  const audioNodes = [];
 
   if (['-', '~', '_'].includes(s)) {
     return;
@@ -543,6 +549,7 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   let sourceNode;
   if (source) {
     sourceNode = source(t, value, hapDuration, cps);
+    nodes['source'] = [sourceNode];
   } else if (getSound(s)) {
     const { onTrigger } = getSound(s);
     const onEnded = () => {
@@ -554,6 +561,7 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     if (soundHandle) {
       sourceNode = soundHandle.node;
       activeSoundSources.set(chainID, new WeakRef(soundHandle)); // allow GC
+      nodes = { ...nodes, ...soundHandle.nodes };
     }
   } else {
     throw new Error(`sound ${s} not found! Is it loaded?`);
@@ -572,29 +580,33 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   chain.push(sourceNode);
   stretch !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'phase-vocoder-processor', { pitchFactor: stretch }));
 
-  transient !== undefined &&
-    chain.push(
-      getWorklet(
-        ac,
-        'transient-processor',
-        {},
-        {
-          processorOptions: {
-            attack: transient,
-            sustain: transsustain,
-            begin: t,
-            end: endWithRelease,
-          },
+  if (transient !== undefined) {
+    const transProcessor = getWorklet(
+      ac,
+      'transient-processor',
+      {},
+      {
+        processorOptions: {
+          attack: transient,
+          sustain: transsustain,
+          begin: t,
+          end: endWithRelease,
         },
-      ),
+      },
     );
+    chain.push(transProcessor);
+    nodes['transient'] = transProcessor;
+  }
 
   // gain stage
-  chain.push(gainNode(gain));
+  const initialGain = gainNode(gain);
+  nodes['gain'] = [initialGain];
+  chain.push(initialGain);
 
   // filter
   const ftype = getFilterType(value.ftype);
 
+  const filt = (params) => createFilter(ac, t, end, params, cps, cycle);
   if (value.cutoff !== undefined) {
     const lpMap = {
       frequency: 'cutoff',
@@ -617,12 +629,15 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     };
     const lpParams = pickAndRename(value, lpMap);
     lpParams.type = 'lowpass';
-    const lp = () => createFilter(ac, t, end, lpParams, cps, cycle);
-    const { filter: lpf1, lfo: lfo1 } = lp();
+    const { filter: lpf1, lfo: lfo1 } = filt(lpParams);
+    nodes['lpf'] = [lpf1];
+    nodes['lpf_lfo'] = [lfo1];
     chain.push(lpf1);
     lfo1 && audioNodes.push(lfo1);
     if (ftype === '24db') {
-      const { filter: lpf2, lfo: lfo2 } = lp();
+      const { filter: lpf2, lfo: lfo2 } = filt(lpParams);
+      nodes['lpf'].push(lpf2);
+      nodes['lpf_lfo'].push(lfo2);
       chain.push(lpf2);
       lfo2 && audioNodes.push(lfo2);
     }
@@ -650,12 +665,15 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     };
     const hpParams = pickAndRename(value, hpMap);
     hpParams.type = 'highpass';
-    const hp = () => createFilter(ac, t, end, hpParams, cps, cycle);
-    const { filter: hpf1, lfo: lfo1 } = hp();
-    chain.push(hpf1);
+    const { filter: hpf1, lfo: lfo1 } = filt(hpParams);
+    nodes['hpf'] = [hpf1];
+    nodes['hpf_lfo'] = [lfo1];
     lfo1 && audioNodes.push(lfo1);
+    chain.push(hpf1);
     if (ftype === '24db') {
-      const { filter: hpf2, lfo: lfo2 } = hp();
+      const { filter: hpf2, lfo: lfo2 } = filt(hpParams);
+      nodes['hpf'].push(hpf2);
+      nodes['hpf_lfo'].push(lfo2);
       chain.push(hpf2);
       lfo2 && audioNodes.push(lfo2);
     }
@@ -683,12 +701,15 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     };
     const bpParams = pickAndRename(value, bpMap);
     bpParams.type = 'bandpass';
-    const bp = () => createFilter(ac, t, end, bpParams, cps, cycle);
-    const { filter: bpf1, lfo: lfo1 } = bp();
+    const { filter: bpf1, lfo: lfo1 } = filt(bpParams);
+    nodes['bpf'] = [bpf1];
+    nodes['bpf_lfo'] = [lfo1];
     chain.push(bpf1);
     lfo1 && audioNodes.push(lfo1);
     if (ftype === '24db') {
-      const { filter: bpf2, lfo: lfo2 } = bp();
+      const { filter: bpf2, lfo: lfo2 } = filt(bpParams);
+      nodes['bpf'].push(bpf2);
+      nodes['bpf_lfo'].push(lfo2);
       chain.push(bpf2);
       lfo2 && audioNodes.push(lfo2);
     }
@@ -696,14 +717,31 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
 
   if (vowel !== undefined) {
     const vowelFilter = ac.createVowelFilter(vowel);
+    nodes['vowel'] = [vowelFilter];
     chain.push(vowelFilter);
   }
 
   // effects
-  coarse !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'coarse-processor', { coarse }));
-  crush !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'crush-processor', { crush }));
-  shape !== undefined && chain.push(getWorklet(ac, 'shape-processor', { shape, postgain: shapevol }));
-  distort !== undefined && chain.push(getDistortion(distort, distortvol, distorttype));
+  if (coarse !== undefined) {
+    const coarseNode = getWorklet(ac, 'coarse-processor', { coarse });
+    nodes['coarse'] = [coarseNode];
+    chain.push(coarseNode);
+  }
+  if (crush !== undefined) {
+    const crushNode = getWorklet(ac, 'crush-processor', { crush });
+    nodes['crush'] = [crushNode];
+    chain.push(crushNode);
+  }
+  if (shape !== undefined) {
+    const shapeNode = getWorklet(ac, 'shape-processor', { shape, postgain: shapevol });
+    nodes['shape'] = [shapeNode];
+    chain.push(shapeNode);
+  }
+  if (distort !== undefined) {
+    const distortNode = getDistortion(distort, distortvol, distorttype);
+    nodes['distort'] = [distortNode];
+    chain.push(distortNode);
+  }
 
   if (tremolosync != null) {
     tremolo = cps * tremolosync;
@@ -724,7 +762,7 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
     const amGain = new GainNode(ac, { gain });
 
     const time = cycle / cps;
-    const lfo = getLfo(ac, t, endWithRelease, {
+    const lfo = getLfo(ac, {
       skew: tremoloskew ?? (tremoloshape != null ? 0.5 : 1),
       frequency: tremolo,
       depth: tremolodepth,
@@ -735,16 +773,28 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
       min: 0,
       max: 1,
       curve: 1.5,
+      begin: t,
+      end: endWithRelease,
     });
+    nodes['tremolo'] = [lfo];
+    nodes['tremolo_gain'] = [amGain];
     lfo.connect(amGain.gain);
     audioNodes.push(lfo);
     chain.push(amGain);
   }
 
-  compressorThreshold !== undefined &&
-    chain.push(
-      getCompressor(ac, compressorThreshold, compressorRatio, compressorKnee, compressorAttack, compressorRelease),
+  if (compressorThreshold !== undefined) {
+    const compressorNode = getCompressor(
+      ac,
+      compressorThreshold,
+      compressorRatio,
+      compressorKnee,
+      compressorAttack,
+      compressorRelease,
     );
+    nodes['compressor'] = [compressorNode];
+    chain.push(compressorNode);
+  }
 
   // panning
   if (pan !== undefined) {
@@ -755,19 +805,24 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
   // phaser
   if (phaserrate !== undefined && phaserdepth > 0) {
     const { filterChain, lfo } = getPhaser(t, endWithRelease, phaserrate, phaserdepth, phasercenter, phasersweep);
-    audioNodes.push(lfo);
+    nodes['phaser'] = [...filterChain];
+    nodes['phaser_lfo'] = [lfo];
     chain.push(...filterChain);
+    audioNodes.push(lfo);
   }
 
   // last gain
   const post = new GainNode(ac, { gain: postgain });
+  nodes['post'] = [post];
   chain.push(post);
 
   // delay
   if (delay > 0 && delaytime > 0 && delayfeedback > 0) {
-    orbitBus.getDelay(delaytime, delayfeedback, t);
-    const send = orbitBus.sendDelay(post, delay);
-    audioNodes.push(send);
+    const delayNode = orbitBus.getDelay(delaytime, delayfeedback, t);
+    nodes['delay'] = [delayNode];
+    const delaySend = orbitBus.sendDelay(post, delay);
+    nodes['delay_mix'] = [delaySend];
+    audioNodes.push(delaySend);
   }
   // reverb
   if (room > 0) {
@@ -782,13 +837,21 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
       }
       roomIR = await loadBuffer(url, ac, ir, 0);
     }
-    orbitBus.getReverb(roomsize, roomfade, roomlp, roomdim, roomIR, irspeed, irbegin);
-    const send = orbitBus.sendReverb(post, room);
-    audioNodes.push(send);
+    const roomNode = orbitBus.getReverb(roomsize, roomfade, roomlp, roomdim, roomIR, irspeed, irbegin);
+    nodes['room'] = [roomNode];
+    const reverbSend = orbitBus.sendReverb(post, room);
+    nodes['room_mix'] = [reverbSend];
+    audioNodes.push(reverbSend);
+  }
+  if (bus != null) {
+    const busNode = audioController.getBus(bus);
+    const busSend = effectSend(post, busNode, busgain);
+    audioNodes.push(busSend);
   }
 
   if (djf != null) {
-    orbitBus.getDjf(djf, t);
+    const djfNode = orbitBus.getDjf(djf, t);
+    nodes['djf'] = [djfNode];
   }
 
   // analyser
@@ -808,7 +871,48 @@ export const superdough = async (value, t, hapDuration, cps = 0.5, cycle = 0.5)
 
   // connect chain elements together
   chain.slice(1).reduce((last, current) => last.connect(current), chain[0]);
-  audioNodes = audioNodes.concat(chain);
+  audioNodes.push(...chain);
+
+  // finally, now that `nodes` is populated, set up modulators
+  if (value.lfo) {
+    for (const id of value.lfo.__ids) {
+      const params = value.lfo[id];
+      const lfo = connectLFO(
+        id,
+        {
+          ...params,
+          cps,
+          cycle,
+          begin: t,
+          end: endWithRelease,
+        },
+        nodes,
+      );
+      lfo && audioNodes.push(lfo);
+    }
+  }
+  if (value.env) {
+    for (const id of value.env.__ids) {
+      const params = value.env[id];
+      const env = connectEnvelope(
+        id,
+        {
+          ...params,
+          begin: t,
+          end: endWithRelease,
+        },
+        nodes,
+      );
+      env && audioNodes.push(env);
+    }
+  }
+  if (value.bmod) {
+    for (const id of value.bmod.__ids) {
+      const params = value.bmod[id];
+      const { toCleanup } = connectBusModulator({ ...params, begin: t, end: endWithRelease }, nodes, controller);
+      audioNodes.push(...toCleanup);
+    }
+  }
 };
 
 export const superdoughTrigger = (t, hap, ct, cps) => {
diff --git a/packages/superdough/superdoughdata.mjs b/packages/superdough/superdoughdata.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2dac194f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/superdough/superdoughdata.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+superdoughdata.mjs - Data needed for running superdough (defaults, mappings, etc.)
+Copyright (C) 2025 Strudel contributors - see <https://codeberg.org/uzu/strudel/src/branch/main/packages/superdough/superdoughdata.mjs>
+This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+// Mapping from control name to webaudio node and parameter
+const CONTROL_TARGETS = {
+  stretch: { node: 'stretch', param: 'pitchFactor' },
+  gain: { node: 'gain', param: 'gain' },
+  postgain: { node: 'post', param: 'gain' },
+  pan: { node: 'pan', param: 'pan' },
+  tremolo: { node: 'tremolo', param: 'frequency' },
+  tremolosync: { node: 'tremolo', param: 'frequency' },
+  tremolodepth: { node: 'tremolo_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  tremoloskew: { node: 'tremolo', param: 'skew' },
+  tremolophase: { node: 'tremolo', param: 'phase' },
+  tremoloshape: { node: 'tremolo', param: 'shape' },
+
+  // MODULATORS
+  lfo: { node: 'lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  lfo_rate: { node: 'lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  lfo_sync: { node: 'lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  lfo_depth: { node: 'lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  lfo_depthabs: { node: 'lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  lfo_skew: { node: 'lfo', param: 'skew' },
+  lfo_curve: { node: 'lfo', param: 'curve' },
+  lfo_dcoffset: { node: 'lfo', param: 'dcoffset' },
+  env: { node: 'env', param: 'depth' },
+  env_attack: { node: 'env', param: 'attack' },
+  env_decay: { node: 'env', param: 'decay' },
+  env_sustain: { node: 'env', param: 'sustain' },
+  env_release: { node: 'env', param: 'release' },
+  bmod: { node: 'bmod', param: 'depth' },
+  bmod_depth: { node: 'bmod', param: 'depth' },
+  bmod_depthabs: { node: 'bmod', param: 'depth' },
+
+  // LPF
+  cutoff: { node: 'lpf', param: 'frequency' },
+  resonance: { node: 'lpf', param: 'Q' },
+  lprate: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'rate' },
+  lpsync: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'sync' },
+  lpdepth: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  lpdepthfrequency: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  lpshape: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'shape' },
+  lpdc: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'dcoffset' },
+  lpskew: { node: 'lpf_lfo', param: 'skew' },
+
+  // HPF
+  hcutoff: { node: 'hpf', param: 'frequency' },
+  hresonance: { node: 'hpf', param: 'Q' },
+  hprate: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'rate' },
+  hpsync: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'sync' },
+  hpdepth: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  hpdepthfrequency: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  hpshape: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'shape' },
+  hpdc: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'dcoffset' },
+  hpskew: { node: 'hpf_lfo', param: 'skew' },
+
+  // BPF
+  bandf: { node: 'bpf', param: 'frequency' },
+  bandq: { node: 'bpf', param: 'Q' },
+  bprate: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'rate' },
+  bpsync: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'sync' },
+  bpdepth: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  bpdepthfrequency: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  bpshape: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'shape' },
+  bpdc: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'dcoffset' },
+  bpskew: { node: 'bpf_lfo', param: 'skew' },
+
+  vowel: { node: 'vowel', param: 'frequency' },
+
+  // DISTORTION
+  coarse: { node: 'coarse', param: 'coarse' },
+  crush: { node: 'crush', param: 'crush' },
+  shape: { node: 'shape', param: 'shape' },
+  shapevol: { node: 'shape', param: 'postgain' },
+  distort: { node: 'distort', param: 'distort' },
+  distortvol: { node: 'distort', param: 'postgain' },
+  distorttype: { node: 'distort', param: 'distort' },
+
+  // COMPRESSOR
+  compressor: { node: 'compressor', param: 'threshold' },
+  compressorRatio: { node: 'compressor', param: 'ratio' },
+  compressorKnee: { node: 'compressor', param: 'knee' },
+  compressorAttack: { node: 'compressor', param: 'attack' },
+  compressorRelease: { node: 'compressor', param: 'release' },
+
+  // PHASER
+  phaserrate: { node: 'phaser_lfo', param: 'rate' },
+  phasersweep: { node: 'phaser_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  phasercenter: { node: 'phaser', param: 'frequency' },
+  phaserdepth: { node: 'phaser', param: 'Q' },
+
+  // ORBIT EFFECTS
+  delay: { node: 'delay_mix', param: 'gain' },
+  delaytime: { node: 'delay', param: 'delayTime' },
+  delayfeedback: { node: 'delay', param: 'feedback' },
+  delaysync: { node: 'delay', param: 'delayTime' },
+  dry: { node: 'dry', param: 'gain' },
+  room: { node: 'room_mix', param: 'gain' },
+  djf: { node: 'djf', param: 'value' },
+  busgain: { node: 'bus', param: 'gain' },
+
+  // SYNTHS
+  s: { node: 'source', param: 'frequency' },
+  detune: { node: 'source', param: 'freqspread' },
+  wt: { node: 'source', param: 'position' },
+  warp: { node: 'source', param: 'warp' },
+  freq: { node: 'source', param: 'frequency' },
+  note: { node: 'source', param: 'frequency' },
+  wtdc: { node: 'wt_lfo', param: 'dc' },
+  wtskew: { node: 'wt_lfo', param: 'skew' },
+  wtrate: { node: 'wt_lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  wtsync: { node: 'wt_lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  wtdepth: { node: 'wt_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  warpdc: { node: 'warp_lfo', param: 'dc' },
+  warpskew: { node: 'warp_lfo', param: 'skew' },
+  warprate: { node: 'warp_lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  warpsync: { node: 'warp_lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  warpdepth: { node: 'warp_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  fmi: { node: 'fm_1_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi2: { node: 'fm_2_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi3: { node: 'fm_3_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi4: { node: 'fm_4_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi5: { node: 'fm_5_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi6: { node: 'fm_6_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi7: { node: 'fm_7_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmi8: { node: 'fm_8_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  fmh: { node: 'fm_1', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh2: { node: 'fm_2', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh3: { node: 'fm_3', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh4: { node: 'fm_4', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh5: { node: 'fm_5', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh6: { node: 'fm_6', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh7: { node: 'fm_7', param: 'frequency' },
+  fmh8: { node: 'fm_8', param: 'frequency' },
+  pw: { node: 'source', param: 'pulsewidth' },
+  pwrate: { node: 'pw_lfo', param: 'frequency' },
+  pwsweep: { node: 'pw_lfo', param: 'depth' },
+  vib: { node: 'vib', param: 'frequency' },
+  vibmod: { node: 'vib_gain', param: 'gain' },
+  byteBeatStartTime: { node: 'source', param: 'byteBeatStartTime' },
+  spread: { node: 'source', param: 'panspread' },
+  transient: { node: 'transient', param: 'attack' },
+};
+
+export function getSuperdoughControlTargets() {
+  return CONTROL_TARGETS;
+}
diff --git a/packages/superdough/superdoughoutput.mjs b/packages/superdough/superdoughoutput.mjs
index d8ead7d0..d3936646 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/superdoughoutput.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/superdoughoutput.mjs
@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ import { effectSend, getWorklet, webAudioTimeout } from './helpers.mjs';
 import { errorLogger } from './logger.mjs';
 import { clamp } from './util.mjs';
 
-let hasChanged = (now, before) => now !== undefined && now !== before;
+const hasChanged = (now, before) => now !== undefined && now !== before;
+// Node with fixed stereo channel count to prevent clicking when the input signal
+// switches from mono to stereo
+const getStereoNode = (ac) => new GainNode(ac, { gain: 1, channelCount: 2, channelCountMode: 'explicit' });
 
 export class Orbit {
   reverbNode;
@@ -11,10 +14,11 @@ export class Orbit {
   summingNode;
   djfNode;
   audioContext;
+
   constructor(audioContext) {
     this.audioContext = audioContext;
-    this.output = new GainNode(audioContext, { gain: 1, channelCount: 2, channelCountMode: 'explicit' });
-    this.summingNode = new GainNode(audioContext, { gain: 1, channelCount: 2, channelCountMode: 'explicit' });
+    this.output = getStereoNode(audioContext);
+    this.summingNode = getStereoNode(audioContext);
     this.summingNode.connect(this.output);
   }
 
@@ -34,6 +38,7 @@ export class Orbit {
     }
     const val = this.djfNode.parameters.get('value');
     val.setValueAtTime(value, t);
+    return this.djfNode;
   }
 
   getDelay(delaytime = 0, feedback = 0.5, t) {
@@ -164,6 +169,7 @@ export class SuperdoughAudioController {
   audioContext;
   output;
   nodes = {};
+  buses = {};
 
   constructor(audioContext) {
     this.audioContext = audioContext;
@@ -171,10 +177,14 @@ export class SuperdoughAudioController {
   }
 
   reset() {
-    Array.from(this.nodes).forEach((node) => {
+    Object.values(this.nodes).forEach((node) => {
       node.disconnect();
     });
+    Object.values(this.buses).forEach((bus) => {
+      bus.disconnect();
+    });
     this.nodes = {};
+    this.buses = {};
     this.output.reset();
   }
 
@@ -206,4 +216,11 @@ export class SuperdoughAudioController {
     }
     return this.nodes[orbitNum];
   }
+
+  getBus(busNum) {
+    if (this.buses[busNum] == null) {
+      this.buses[busNum] = getStereoNode(this.audioContext);
+    }
+    return this.buses[busNum];
+  }
 }
diff --git a/packages/superdough/synth.mjs b/packages/superdough/synth.mjs
index d9ee0d93..6c8d1fea 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/synth.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/synth.mjs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { clamp } from './util.mjs';
-import { registerSound, soundMap } from './superdough.mjs';
+import { getSuperdoughAudioController, registerSound, soundMap } from './superdough.mjs';
 import { getAudioContext } from './audioContext.mjs';
 import {
   applyFM,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import {
 import { logger } from './logger.mjs';
 import { getNoiseMix, getNoiseOscillator } from './noise.mjs';
 
-const waveforms = ['triangle', 'square', 'sawtooth', 'sine', 'user'];
+const waveforms = ['triangle', 'square', 'sawtooth', 'sine', 'user', 'one'];
 const waveformAliases = [
   ['tri', 'triangle'],
   ['sqr', 'square'],
@@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
         // turn down
         const g = gainNode(0.3);
 
-        let sound = getOscillator(s, t, value, () => {
+        const sound = getOscillator(s, t, value, () => {
           releaseAudioNode(g);
           onended();
         });
 
-        let { node: o, stop, triggerRelease } = sound;
+        const { node: o, nodes, stop, triggerRelease } = sound;
 
         const { duration } = value;
 
         const envGain = gainNode(1);
-        let node = o.connect(g).connect(envGain);
+        const node = o.connect(g).connect(envGain);
         const holdEnd = t + duration;
         getParamADSR(node.gain, attack, decay, sustain, release, 0, 1, t, holdEnd, 'linear');
         const envEnd = holdEnd + release + 0.01;
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
         stop(envEnd);
         return {
           node,
+          nodes,
           stop: (endTime) => {
             stop(endTime);
           },
@@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
 
       return {
         node,
+        nodes: { source: [o] },
         stop: (endTime) => {
           o.stop(endTime);
         },
@@ -183,8 +185,8 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
 
       const gainAdjustment = 1 / Math.sqrt(voices);
       getPitchEnvelope(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin, holdend);
-      const vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin);
-      const fm = applyFM(o.parameters.get('frequency'), value, begin);
+      const vibratoHandle = getVibratoOscillator(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin);
+      const fmHandle = applyFM(o.parameters.get('frequency'), value, begin);
       let envGain = gainNode(1);
       envGain = o.connect(envGain);
 
@@ -195,8 +197,8 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
         () => {
           releaseAudioNode(o);
           onended();
-          fm?.stop();
-          vibratoOscillator?.stop();
+          fmHandle?.stop();
+          vibratoHandle?.stop();
         },
         begin,
         end,
@@ -204,6 +206,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
 
       return {
         node: envGain,
+        nodes: { source: [o], ...fmHandle?.nodes, ...vibratoHandle?.nodes },
         stop: (time) => {
           timeoutNode.stop(time);
         },
@@ -279,6 +282,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
 
       return {
         node: envGain,
+        source: o,
         stop: (time) => {
           timeoutNode.stop(time);
         },
@@ -329,25 +333,25 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
       );
 
       getPitchEnvelope(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin, holdend);
-      const vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin);
-      const fm = applyFM(o.parameters.get('frequency'), value, begin);
+      const vibratoHandle = getVibratoOscillator(o.parameters.get('detune'), value, begin);
+      const fmHandle = applyFM(o.parameters.get('frequency'), value, begin);
       let envGain = gainNode(1);
       envGain = o.connect(envGain);
 
       getParamADSR(envGain.gain, attack, decay, sustain, release, 0, 1, begin, holdend, 'linear');
-      let lfo;
+      let pw_lfo;
       if (pwsweep != 0) {
-        lfo = getLfo(ac, begin, end, { frequency: pwrate, depth: pwsweep });
-        lfo.connect(o.parameters.get('pulsewidth'));
+        pw_lfo = getLfo(ac, { frequency: pwrate, depth: pwsweep, begin, end });
+        pw_lfo.connect(o.parameters.get('pulsewidth'));
       }
       let timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
         ac,
         () => {
           releaseAudioNode(o);
-          releaseAudioNode(lfo);
+          releaseAudioNode(pw_lfo);
           onended();
-          fm?.stop();
-          vibratoOscillator?.stop();
+          fmHandle?.stop();
+          vibratoHandle?.stop();
         },
         begin,
         end,
@@ -355,6 +359,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
 
       return {
         node: envGain,
+        nodes: { source: [o], pw_lfo: [pw_lfo], ...fmHandle?.nodes, ...vibratoHandle?.nodes },
         stop: (time) => {
           timeoutNode.stop(time);
         },
@@ -363,6 +368,41 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
     { prebake: true, type: 'synth' },
   );
 
+  registerSound(
+    'bus',
+    (begin, value, onended) => {
+      const ac = getAudioContext();
+      const [attack, decay, sustain, release] = getADSRValues(
+        [value.attack, value.decay, value.sustain, value.release],
+        'linear',
+        [0.001, 0.05, 1, 0.01],
+      );
+      const holdend = begin + value.duration;
+      const end = holdend + release + 0.01;
+      const bus = getSuperdoughAudioController().getBus(value.n ?? 0);
+      const envGain = bus.connect(gainNode(0));
+      getParamADSR(envGain.gain, attack, decay, sustain, release, 0, 1, begin, holdend, 'linear');
+      const timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
+        ac,
+        () => {
+          bus.disconnect(envGain);
+          onended();
+        },
+        begin,
+        end,
+      );
+
+      return {
+        node: envGain,
+        nodes: { source: [bus] },
+        stop: (time) => {
+          timeoutNode.stop(time);
+        },
+      };
+    },
+    { prebake: true, type: 'input' },
+  );
+
   [...noises].forEach((s) => {
     registerSound(
       s,
@@ -400,6 +440,7 @@ export function registerSynthSounds() {
         stop(envEnd);
         return {
           node,
+          nodes: { source: [o] },
           stop: (endTime) => {
             stop(endTime);
           },
@@ -467,8 +508,17 @@ export function getOscillator(s, t, value, onended) {
     s = 'triangle';
   }
   s = s === 'user' && !partials ? 'triangle' : s;
-  // If no partials are given, use stock waveforms
-  if (!partials || partials?.length === 0 || s === 'sine') {
+  if (s === 'one') {
+    // Constant 1 oscillator (used for modulation)
+    o = new ConstantSourceNode(getAudioContext(), { offset: 1 });
+    o.start(t);
+    return {
+      node: o,
+      nodes: { source: o },
+      stop: (time) => o?.stop(time),
+    };
+  } else if (!partials || partials?.length === 0 || s === 'sine') {
+    // If no partials are given, use stock waveforms
     o = getAudioContext().createOscillator();
     o.type = s || 'triangle';
   }
@@ -479,11 +529,11 @@ export function getOscillator(s, t, value, onended) {
   // set frequency
   o.frequency.value = getFrequencyFromValue(value);
 
-  let vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(o.detune, value, t);
+  const vibratoHandle = getVibratoOscillator(o.detune, value, t);
 
   // pitch envelope
   getPitchEnvelope(o.detune, value, t, t + duration);
-  const fmModulator = applyFM(o.frequency, value, t);
+  const fmHandle = applyFM(o.frequency, value, t);
 
   let noiseMix;
   if (noise) {
@@ -500,9 +550,10 @@ export function getOscillator(s, t, value, onended) {
 
   return {
     node: noiseMix?.node || o,
+    nodes: { source: [o], ...vibratoHandle?.nodes, ...fmHandle?.nodes },
     stop: (time) => {
-      fmModulator.stop(time);
-      vibratoOscillator?.stop(time);
+      fmHandle.stop(time);
+      vibratoHandle?.stop(time);
       noiseMix?.stop(time);
       o.stop(time);
     },
diff --git a/packages/superdough/wavetable.mjs b/packages/superdough/wavetable.mjs
index ebf951a4..b4fc401f 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/wavetable.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/wavetable.mjs
@@ -314,19 +314,28 @@ export async function onTriggerSynth(t, value, onended, tables, cps, frameLen) {
       dcoffset: value.warpdc ?? 0,
     },
   );
-  const vibratoOscillator = getVibratoOscillator(source.parameters.get('detune'), value, t);
-  const fm = applyFM(source.parameters.get('frequency'), value, t);
+  const vibratoHandle = getVibratoOscillator(source.parameters.get('detune'), value, t);
+  const fmHandle = applyFM(source.parameters.get('frequency'), value, t);
   const envGain = ac.createGain();
   const node = source.connect(envGain);
   getParamADSR(node.gain, attack, decay, sustain, release, 0, 0.3, t, holdEnd, 'linear');
   getPitchEnvelope(source.parameters.get('detune'), value, t, holdEnd);
-  const handle = { node, source };
+  const handle = {
+    node,
+    nodes: {
+      source: [source],
+      wt_lfo: [wtPosModulators],
+      warp_lfo: [wtWarpModulators],
+      ...fmHandle?.nodes,
+      ...vibratoHandle?.nodes,
+    },
+  };
   const timeoutNode = webAudioTimeout(
     ac,
     () => {
       releaseAudioNode(source);
-      releaseAudioNode(vibratoOscillator);
-      fm?.stop();
+      vibratoHandle?.stop();
+      fmHandle?.stop();
       releaseAudioNode(wtPosModulators);
       releaseAudioNode(wtWarpModulators);
       onended();
diff --git a/packages/superdough/worklets.mjs b/packages/superdough/worklets.mjs
index a59aeb75..8001c7da 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/worklets.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/worklets.mjs
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
       { name: 'shape', defaultValue: 0 },
       { name: 'curve', defaultValue: 1 },
       { name: 'dcoffset', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'min', defaultValue: 0 },
-      { name: 'max', defaultValue: 1 },
+      { name: 'min', defaultValue: -1e9 },
+      { name: 'max', defaultValue: 1e9 },
     ];
   }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,8 @@ class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
 
   process(_inputs, outputs, parameters) {
     const begin = parameters['begin'][0];
-    if (currentTime >= parameters.end[0]) {
+    const end = parameters['end'][0];
+    if (currentTime >= end) {
       return false;
     }
     if (currentTime <= begin) {
@@ -161,6 +162,7 @@ class LFOProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
     const curve = parameters['curve'][0];
 
     const dcoffset = parameters['dcoffset'][0];
+
     const min = parameters['min'][0];
     const max = parameters['max'][0];
     const shape = waveShapeNames[parameters['shape'][0]];
@@ -967,7 +969,9 @@ class EnvelopeProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
       { name: 'attackCurve', defaultValue: 0, minValue: -1, maxValue: 1 },
       { name: 'decayCurve', defaultValue: 0, minValue: -1, maxValue: 1 },
       { name: 'releaseCurve', defaultValue: 0, minValue: -1, maxValue: 1 },
-      { name: 'peak', defaultValue: 1 },
+      { name: 'depth', defaultValue: 1 },
+      { name: 'min', defaultValue: -1e9 },
+      { name: 'max', defaultValue: 1e9 },
       { name: 'retrigger', defaultValue: 1, minValue: 0, maxValue: 1 },
     ];
   }
@@ -1009,9 +1013,15 @@ class EnvelopeProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
   }
 
   process(_inputs, outputs, params) {
+    const begin = params['begin'][0];
+    const end = params['end'][0];
+    if (currentTime >= end) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (currentTime <= begin) {
+      return true;
+    }
     const out = outputs[0][0];
-    if (!out) return true;
-    const begin = pv(params.begin, 0);
     const retrigger = pv(params.retrigger, 0) >= 0.5; // convert to bool
     if (begin !== this.beginTime && (this.state === 0 || retrigger)) {
       // triggered
@@ -1029,7 +1039,9 @@ class EnvelopeProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
       const aCurve = pv(params.attackCurve, i);
       const dCurve = pv(params.decayCurve, i);
       const rCurve = pv(params.releaseCurve, i);
-      const peak = pv(params.peak, i);
+      const depth = pv(params.depth, i);
+      const min = pv(params.min, i);
+      const max = pv(params.max, i);
       const states = [
         { time: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY, start: 0, target: 0 }, // idle
         { time: attack, start: this.attackStart, target: 1, curve: aCurve },
@@ -1043,7 +1055,7 @@ class EnvelopeProcessor extends AudioWorkletProcessor {
         this.state = (this.state + 1) % states.length;
         time = states[this.state].time;
       }
-      out[i] = this.val * peak;
+      out[i] = clamp(this.val * depth, min, max);
     }
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/packages/superdough/zzfx.mjs b/packages/superdough/zzfx.mjs
index 4a4c58c9..3d6b8e9f 100644
--- a/packages/superdough/zzfx.mjs
+++ b/packages/superdough/zzfx.mjs
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ export function registerZZFXSounds() {
         });
         return {
           node: o,
+          nodes: { source: [o] },
           stop: () => {},
         };
       },
diff --git a/test/__snapshots__/examples.test.mjs.snap b/test/__snapshots__/examples.test.mjs.snap
index 5f8133ec..61ab1186 100644
--- a/test/__snapshots__/examples.test.mjs.snap
+++ b/test/__snapshots__/examples.test.mjs.snap
@@ -3803,6 +3803,51 @@ exports[`runs examples > example "end" example index 0 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
+exports[`runs examples > example "env" example index 0 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} __ids:{}} ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "env" example index 1 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:saw env:{0:{control:s decay:1} 1:{control:cutoff attack:0.1 decay:1 acurve:0.8 dcurve:0.3 depth:50} __ids:{}} note:F1 resonance:4 cutoff:50 ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:saw env:{0:{control:s decay:1} 1:{control:cutoff attack:0.1 decay:1 acurve:0.8 dcurve:0.3 depth:50} __ids:{}} note:F1 resonance:4 cutoff:50 ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:saw env:{0:{control:s decay:1} 1:{control:cutoff attack:0.1 decay:1 acurve:0.8 dcurve:0.3 depth:50} __ids:{}} note:F1 resonance:4 cutoff:50 ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:saw env:{0:{control:s decay:1} 1:{control:cutoff attack:0.1 decay:1 acurve:0.8 dcurve:0.3 depth:50} __ids:{}} note:F1 resonance:4 cutoff:50 ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "env" example index 2 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:0.5 decay:0.5} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:0.5 decay:0.5} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:0.5 decay:0.5} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:0.5 decay:0.5} __ids:{}} ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "env" example index 3 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} 1:{control:s attack:0.5} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} 1:{control:s attack:1} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} 1:{control:s attack:1} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{0:{control:cutoff attack:1} 1:{control:s attack:0.5} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "env" example index 4 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{1:{control:s attack:1} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff attack:0.5}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{1:{control:s attack:1} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff attack:1}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{1:{control:s attack:1} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff attack:1}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 env:{1:{control:s attack:1} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff attack:0.5}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+]
+`;
+
 exports[`runs examples > example "euclid" example index 0 1`] = `
 [
   "[ 0/1 → 1/8 | note:c3 ]",
@@ -6113,6 +6158,51 @@ exports[`runs examples > example "leslie" example index 0 1`] = `
 ]
 `;
 
+exports[`runs examples > example "lfo" example index 0 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:saw note:F1 cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "lfo" example index 1 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:saw lfo:{0:{control:s} 1:{control:cutoff sync:0.3} __ids:{}} cutoff:500 ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:saw lfo:{0:{control:s} 1:{control:cutoff sync:0.3} __ids:{}} cutoff:500 ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:saw lfo:{0:{control:s} 1:{control:cutoff sync:0.3} __ids:{}} cutoff:500 ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:saw lfo:{0:{control:s} 1:{control:cutoff sync:0.3} __ids:{}} cutoff:500 ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "lfo" example index 2 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:saw cutoff:500 distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} __ids:{}} ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "lfo" example index 3 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} 1:{control:s sync:8} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} 1:{control:s} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} 1:{control:s} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{0:{control:cutoff} 1:{control:s sync:8} __ids:{}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+]
+`;
+
+exports[`runs examples > example "lfo" example index 4 1`] = `
+[
+  "[ 0/1 → 1/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{1:{control:s} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff depth:4 sync:8}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 1/1 → 2/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{1:{control:s} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff depth:4}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 2/1 → 3/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{1:{control:s} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff depth:4}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+  "[ 3/1 → 4/1 | s:pulse cutoff:500 lfo:{1:{control:s} __ids:{} lpf_mod:{control:cutoff depth:4 sync:8}} distort:0.3 distortvol:1 distorttype:diode ]",
+]
+`;
+
 exports[`runs examples > example "linger" example index 0 1`] = `
 [
   "[ 0/1 → 1/4 | s:lt ]",
diff --git a/test/examples.test.mjs b/test/examples.test.mjs
index 896a02f8..ebec2252 100644
--- a/test/examples.test.mjs
+++ b/test/examples.test.mjs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ const skippedExamples = [
   'accelerationX',
   'defaultmidimap',
   'midimaps',
+  'bmod',
 ];
 
 describe('runs examples', () => {